What might be an effect of thermal stress in piping systems?

Thermal stress occurs in piping systems when there are changes in temperature that cause the materials to expand or contract. As the temperature increases, the piping material tends to expand; conversely, when the temperature decreases, it shrinks. This repeated thermal cycling can create significant tension and compression in the materials.

One of the primary concerns with thermal stress is that it can lead to potential leaks or ruptures in the piping. The continual stress on the joints, welds, and sections of piping can weaken them over time, leading to failure points. This can result in leaks, which not only compromise the system's integrity but can also cause safety hazards and operational downtime.

In contrast, options such as increased ductility, improved flexibility, or better energy efficiency do not typically arise as direct effects of thermal stress. While materials may be designed for some degree of flex, excessive thermal stress usually has the opposite effect, leading to brittleness or failure rather than enhanced ductility or flexibility. Similarly, thermal stress is more likely to disrupt rather than improve energy efficiency, as leaks will lead to loss of fluid and increased operational costs.